Breakfast Cereals
THE Benefits of eating breakfast
The importance of breakfast
As the first meal of the day, literally to “break the fast”, breakfast has a special role in providing both the energy and essential nutrients to kickstart the day. Scientific literature consistently highlights the nutritional and health benefits associated with breakfast consumption across all population groups, in particular:
- Breakfast can contribute significantly to the daily intake of energy, fibre, and vitamins and minerals, including B-vitamins, iron, and calcium.1 Fisberg, M., et al. (2020). Breakfast consumption habit and its nutritional contribution in Latin America: Results from the ELANS study. Nutrients, 12(8):2397. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082397. 2Mognard, E., et al. (2023). Breakfast Practices in Malaysia, Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality: A Study Based on the Malaysian Food Barometer. Nutrients, 15(9): 2197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092197. 3Angeles-Agdeppa, I., et al. (2022). Breakfast in the Philippines: food and diet quality as analyzed from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey. Nutrition Journal, 21(1):52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00804-x. 4Khusun, H., et al. (2023). Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro-and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer. Nutrients, 15(17):3792. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173792. 5Gibney, M. J., et al. (2018). Towards an evidence-based recommendation for a balanced breakfast – a proposal from the international breakfast research initiative. Nutrients, 10(10):1540. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101540.
- Individuals who regularly eat breakfast have a higher likelihood of meeting their dietary requirements and maintaining a better overall diet quality. 6Giménez-Legarre, N., et al. (2020). Breakfast Characteristics and Their Association with Energy, Macronutrients, and Food Intake in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 12(8):2460. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082460. 7Currie C., et al. (2012). Social Determinants of Health and Well-Being among Young People. Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study: International Report from the 2009/2010 Survey.WHO Regional Office for Europe. Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 6. https://hbsc.org/publications/reports/social-determinants-of-health-and-well-being-among-young-people/.
- Eating breakfast is linked to improved cognitive performance 8Lundqvist, M., et al. (2019). Effects of eating breakfast on children and adolescents: A systematic review of potentially relevant outcomes in economic evaluations. Food & Nutrition Research. 63. doi: https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v63.1618., academic achievement, enhanced quality of life and well-being 9Adolphus, K., et al. (2016). The Effects of Breakfast and Breakfast Composition on Cognition in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Advances in Nutrition. 7(3):590S-612S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010256., better appetite control and satiety 10Gwin, J. A., Leidy, H. J. (2018). A Review of the Evidence Surrounding the Effects of Breakfast Consumption on Mechanisms of Weight Management. Advances in Nutrition. 9(6):717-725. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy047., and a reduced risk of overweight/obesity in both children and adults. 11Szajewska, H., Ruszczynski, M. (2010). Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 50(2):113-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390903467514. 12Ma, X., et al. (2020). Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice. 14(1):1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2019.12.002. 13Williams, P. G. (2014). The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base. Advances in Nutrition. 5(5):636S-673S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006247.
- Breakfast consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults. 14Li, Z.-H., et al. (2021). Effects of regular breakfast habits on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 100(44):e27629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000027629.
Various nutrition and dietetics societies across different countries emphasise the inclusion of a healthy breakfast as an integral part of a balanced diet. 15Williams, P. G. (2014). The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base. Advances in Nutrition. 5(5):636S-673S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006247. 16Li, Z.-H., et al. (2021). Effects of regular breakfast habits on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 100(44):e27629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000027629. 17American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2021). Power Up with Breakfast. https://www.eatright.org/food/planning/meals-and-snacks/power-up-with-breakfast. 18Association of UK Dieticians (n.d.). Healthy breakfast. British Dietetic Association. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/healthy-breakfast.html. 19Società Italiana Di Nutrizione Umana, Società Italiana di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (2018). Documento SINU-SISA sulla prima colazione. https://sinu.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/DOCUMENTO-Prima-Colazione-ISBN-agg.pdf. 20Programme National Nutrition Santé (n. d.). Recommendation du PNNS pour les enfants et les adolescents. Réf. 250-91311-DE. https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/content/download/121813/file/154265_1387.pdf. 21Vlaams Institut Gezond Leven vzw (n. d.). Tips om een gezond ontbijt te maken. https://www.gezondleven.be/themas/voeding/evenwichtige-gezonde-maaltijd/gezond-ontbijt. 22Nutrition Australia (2014). Breakfast. The Australia Nutrition Foundation. https://nutritionaustralia.org/fact-sheets/breakfast/#what-makes-a-healthy-breakfast.
In Europe, while breakfast is only one of many potential factors that may influence health indicators, promoting breakfast is cited as a cost-effective way to achieve positive outcomes and assist in reducing the economic health burden of obesity and related non-communicable diseases.
Benefits of breakfast Cereals
Breakfast cereals as part of a nutritional breakfast
When breakfast cereals are part of people’s breakfasts, their consumption is associated with higher intakes of carbohydrates and dietary fibre, a reduction of total fat intake, and with a lower risk of inadequate micronutrient intake, especially for calcium, folate, vitamin B6, magnesium and zinc.23Priebe, M. G, McMonagle, J. R. (2016). Effects of Ready-to-Eat-Cereals on Key Nutritional and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 11(10):e0164931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164931. Breakfast cereal consumption also drives consumption of essential food groups such as fruit and dairy.24Michels, N., et al. (2016). Ready-to-eat cereals improve nutrient, milk and fruit intake at breakfast in European adolescents. European Journal of nutrition. 55(2):771-779. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0898-x. Breakfast cereal consumption plays a role in reducing the prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy through fortification, dietary fibre content, and through the stimulation of milk intake.25Priebe, M. G, McMonagle, J. R. (2016). Effects of Ready-to-Eat-Cereals on Key Nutritional and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. 11(10):e0164931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164931.
The contribution of breakfast cereals to healthy and balanced diets can be summarised as follows
The contribution of breakfast cereals to healthy and balanced diets
- 1Fisberg, M., et al. (2020). Breakfast consumption habit and its nutritional contribution in Latin America: Results from the ELANS study. Nutrients, 12(8):2397. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082397.
- 2Mognard, E., et al. (2023). Breakfast Practices in Malaysia, Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality: A Study Based on the Malaysian Food Barometer. Nutrients, 15(9): 2197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092197.
- 3Angeles-Agdeppa, I., et al. (2022). Breakfast in the Philippines: food and diet quality as analyzed from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey. Nutrition Journal, 21(1):52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00804-x.
- 4Khusun, H., et al. (2023). Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro-and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer. Nutrients, 15(17):3792. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173792.
- 5Gibney, M. J., et al. (2018). Towards an evidence-based recommendation for a balanced breakfast – a proposal from the international breakfast research initiative. Nutrients, 10(10):1540. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101540.
- 6Giménez-Legarre, N., et al. (2020). Breakfast Characteristics and Their Association with Energy, Macronutrients, and Food Intake in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 12(8):2460. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082460.
- 7Currie C., et al. (2012). Social Determinants of Health and Well-Being among Young People. Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study: International Report from the 2009/2010 Survey.WHO Regional Office for Europe. Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 6. https://hbsc.org/publications/reports/social-determinants-of-health-and-well-being-among-young-people/.
- 8Lundqvist, M., et al. (2019). Effects of eating breakfast on children and adolescents: A systematic review of potentially relevant outcomes in economic evaluations. Food & Nutrition Research. 63. doi: https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v63.1618.
- 9Adolphus, K., et al. (2016). The Effects of Breakfast and Breakfast Composition on Cognition in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Advances in Nutrition. 7(3):590S-612S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010256.
- 10Gwin, J. A., Leidy, H. J. (2018). A Review of the Evidence Surrounding the Effects of Breakfast Consumption on Mechanisms of Weight Management. Advances in Nutrition. 9(6):717-725. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy047.
- 11Szajewska, H., Ruszczynski, M. (2010). Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 50(2):113-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390903467514.
- 12Ma, X., et al. (2020). Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice. 14(1):1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2019.12.002.
- 13Williams, P. G. (2014). The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base. Advances in Nutrition. 5(5):636S-673S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006247.
- 14Li, Z.-H., et al. (2021). Effects of regular breakfast habits on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 100(44):e27629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000027629.
- 15Williams, P. G. (2014). The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base. Advances in Nutrition. 5(5):636S-673S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006247.
- 16Li, Z.-H., et al. (2021). Effects of regular breakfast habits on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 100(44):e27629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000027629.
- 17American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2021). Power Up with Breakfast. https://www.eatright.org/food/planning/meals-and-snacks/power-up-with-breakfast.
- 18Association of UK Dieticians (n.d.). Healthy breakfast. British Dietetic Association. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/healthy-breakfast.html.
- 19Società Italiana Di Nutrizione Umana, Società Italiana di Scienze dell’Alimentazione (2018). Documento SINU-SISA sulla prima colazione. https://sinu.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/DOCUMENTO-Prima-Colazione-ISBN-agg.pdf.
- 20Programme National Nutrition Santé (n. d.). Recommendation du PNNS pour les enfants et les adolescents. Réf. 250-91311-DE. https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/content/download/121813/file/154265_1387.pdf.
- 21Vlaams Institut Gezond Leven vzw (n. d.). Tips om een gezond ontbijt te maken. https://www.gezondleven.be/themas/voeding/evenwichtige-gezonde-maaltijd/gezond-ontbijt.
- 22Nutrition Australia (2014). Breakfast. The Australia Nutrition Foundation. https://nutritionaustralia.org/fact-sheets/breakfast/#what-makes-a-healthy-breakfast.
- 23Priebe, M. G, McMonagle, J. R. (2016). Effects of Ready-to-Eat-Cereals on Key Nutritional and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 11(10):e0164931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164931.
- 24Michels, N., et al. (2016). Ready-to-eat cereals improve nutrient, milk and fruit intake at breakfast in European adolescents. European Journal of nutrition. 55(2):771-779. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0898-x.
- 25Priebe, M. G, McMonagle, J. R. (2016). Effects of Ready-to-Eat-Cereals on Key Nutritional and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. 11(10):e0164931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164931.
- 26Williams, P.G. (2014) The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base. Advances in Nutrition 5, 636S–73S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006247.
- 27Priebe, M. G., McMonagle, J. R. (2016). Effects of Ready-to-Eat-Cereals on Key Nutritional and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 11(10):e0164931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164931.
- 28Holmes, B. A., et al. (2012). The contribution of breakfast cereals to the nutritional intake of the materially deprived UK population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 66(1):10-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.143.
- 29Powers, H. J., et al. (2016). Fortified breakfast cereal consumed daily for 12 wk leads to a significant improvement in micronutrient intake and micronutrient status in adolescent girls: a randomised controlled trial. Nutrition Journal. 15(1):69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0185-6.
- 30Priebe, M. G., McMonagle, J. R. (2016). Effects of Ready-to-Eat-Cereals on Key Nutritional and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 11(10):e0164931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164931.
- 31Gibson, S. (2003). Micronutrient intakes, micronutrient status and lipid profiles among young people consuming different amounts of breakfast cereals: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People aged 4 to 18 years. Public Health Nutrition. 6(8):815-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2003493.
- 32Michels, N., et al. (2016). Ready-to-eat cereals improve nutrient, milk and fruit intake at breakfast in European adolescents. European Journal of Nutrition. 55(2):771-779. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0898-x.
- 33Sanders, L. M., et al. (2023). The Impact of Ready-to-Eat Cereal Intake on Body Weight and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies and Controlled Trials. Advances in Nutrition. 14(1):161-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2022.11.003.
- 34de la Hunty, A., et al. (2013). Does regular breakfast cereal consumption help children and adolescents stay slimmer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Facts, 6(1):70-85. doi: htps://doi.org/10.1159/000348878.
- 35Sanders, L. M., et al. (2023). The Relationship of Ready-to-Eat Cereal Intake and Body Weight in Adults: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies and Controlled Trials. Advances in Nutrition. 14(4):671-684. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.001.
- 36Williams, P.G. (2014) The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base. Advances in Nutrition 5, 636S–73S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006247.
- 37Kafatos, A. et al. (2005). Consumption of ready-to-eat cereals in relation to health and diet indicators among school adolescents in Crete, Greece. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 49(3):165-72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000086880.
- 38Taneri, P. E., et al. (2022). Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Intake and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- 39Kwok, C. S., et al. (2019). Dietary components and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a review of evidence from meta-analyses. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 26(13):1415-1429. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319843667.
- 40Williams, P.G. (2014) The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base. Advances in Nutrition 5, 636S–73S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006247.